Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland, which is located on top of the kidneys. It is part of the body's endocrine system and is responsible for producing and releasing hormones involved in the body's response to stress and the "fight or flight" response.

Anatomy of the Adrenal Medulla:

The adrenal medulla is made up of specialized cells called chromaffin cells, which are derived from neural crest cells. These cells are responsible for the production and secretion of two main hormones: adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

Functions of the Adrenal Medulla:

• Stress Response: When the body perceives a stressor, such as a threat or danger, the adrenal medulla is activated to release adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream. These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, while also providing a surge of energy to the muscles.
• Regulation of Metabolism: Adrenaline and noradrenaline also play a role in regulating metabolism, including the breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy.

Study Guide:

When studying the adrenal medulla, it's important to focus on the following key points:

1. Understand the location and structure of the adrenal gland, including the division into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
2. Identify the main hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and their physiological effects on the body.
3. Learn about the role of the adrenal medulla in the body's stress response and the "fight or flight" reaction.
4. Recognize the connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the activation of the adrenal medulla.
5. Be able to explain the relationship between adrenaline, noradrenaline, and the regulation of metabolism.

By mastering these concepts, you will have a comprehensive understanding of the adrenal medulla and its importance in the body's response to stress and overall physiological function.