Parathyroid Glands

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland. They are responsible for producing and releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of calcium and phosphate in the body.

Functions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

• Regulation of Calcium Levels: PTH helps to increase the levels of calcium in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from the bones, increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines, and reducing the excretion of calcium by the kidneys.
• Regulation of Phosphate Levels: PTH decreases the levels of phosphate in the blood by promoting its excretion by the kidneys.
• Activation of Vitamin D: PTH stimulates the kidneys to produce the active form of vitamin D, which is essential for the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands

Imbalances in the levels of parathyroid hormone can lead to various disorders, including:

• Hyperparathyroidism: This condition occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, leading to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. This can result in weakened bones, kidney stones, and other complications.
• Hypoparathyroidism: In contrast, hypoparathyroidism is characterized by insufficient production of PTH, causing low levels of calcium in the blood. This can lead to muscle spasms, seizures, and other symptoms.

Study Guide

When studying the parathyroid glands, it's important to focus on the following key points:

1. Location and structure of the parathyroid glands
2. Functions of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
3. Regulation of calcium and phosphate levels by PTH
4. Effects of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism on the body
5. Importance of the parathyroid glands in maintaining mineral balance