Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for the survival of most living organisms on Earth.

Key Concepts:

1. Light Dependent Reactions: These reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and require light energy to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP and NADP+ into NADPH.
2. Calvin Cycle: Also known as the light-independent reactions, the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts and uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
3. Chlorophyll: The primary pigment involved in capturing light energy for photosynthesis. It absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light, giving plants their characteristic color.

Study Guide:

• Define photosynthesis and its significance in the ecosystem.
• Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts in plant cells.
• Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis and its absorption spectrum.
• Outline the process of light-dependent reactions, including the production of ATP and NADPH.
• Detail the steps of the Calvin cycle and the production of glucose.
• Discuss the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, such as light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration.
• Compare and contrast C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis pathways.
• Examine the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
• Analyze the environmental and human impacts of photosynthesis, including deforestation, climate change, and food production.