Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban societies. It existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India.

Key Features

Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were carefully planned with well-organized streets and a sophisticated drainage system.
Trade and Economy: The civilization had a thriving economy based on trade, with evidence of commerce with Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt.
Technology and Craftsmanship: The people of the Indus Valley were skilled in metallurgy, pottery, and had a system of standardized weights and measures.
Writing System: The civilization had a script that is yet to be fully deciphered, known as the Indus script, which was used in seals and other artifacts.

Decline and Legacy

The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE for reasons that are still debated among historians. Possible factors include ecological changes, natural disasters, or invasion.

The legacy of the civilization can be seen in its contributions to urban planning, technology, and trade, which have had a lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent.

Study Guide

Topics to Cover

Geography and location of the civilization
Urban planning and architecture
Economy and trade
Technology and craftsmanship
Writing system and communication
Decline and possible reasons
Legacy and impact

Recommended Resources

Books: "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective" by Gregory L. Possehl
Documentaries: "Lost Worlds: The Story of Archaeology" - Episode 7: "Indus"
Online Articles: National Geographic's "Indus Valley Civilization"