Neanderthals

Neanderthals were a species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relatives, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans. Here's a study guide to help you understand Neanderthals better:

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a robust build, with a stocky and muscular body adapted to the cold climate of the last Ice Age. They had a larger brain capacity than modern humans, and their distinct physical features included a prominent brow ridge, a large nose, and a stronger jaw.

Tools and Technology

Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers and used a variety of stone tools, such as hand axes and spears. They also utilized fire for cooking and warmth, as evidenced by the presence of hearths at their archaeological sites.

Social Structure

Evidence suggests that Neanderthals lived in small family groups and engaged in complex social behaviors. They cared for their sick and elderly, buried their dead, and likely had some form of language and symbolic expression.

Interaction with Modern Humans

There is evidence of some interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans when they coexisted in the same geographical areas. This is supported by genetic studies that show traces of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of non-African modern human populations.

Extinction

While the exact reasons for their extinction are still debated, factors such as climate change, competition with modern humans, and other environmental pressures may have contributed to the demise of the Neanderthals.

Conclusion

Studying Neanderthals provides valuable insights into human evolution and the diversity of our ancient relatives. Their existence and interactions with modern humans offer a fascinating glimpse into our shared past.