Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are essential for all forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Both DNA and RNA are long, linear polymers composed of nucleotides. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the nucleic acids form the primary structure, with the nitrogenous bases projecting from the backbone. In DNA, the nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), while in RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U).

Functions of Nucleic Acids

1. Genetic Information: DNA carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms, while RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

2. Protein Synthesis: DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA, which in turn is used to direct the synthesis of proteins.

3. Energy Transfer: Nucleic acids also play a role in energy transfer within cells through molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Study Guide

1. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
2. What are the nitrogenous bases present in DNA?
3. What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?
4. How does DNA store genetic information?
5. What is the importance of nucleic acids in energy transfer within cells?