Climate encompasses the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind in a particular region. It significantly influences the types of plants and animals that can thrive in an area. Factors such as latitude, altitude, and proximity to large bodies of water all contribute to the climate of a region.

2. Topography

Topography refers to the physical features of the land, including its elevation, slope, and relief. These factors can affect local climate, soil formation, and the distribution of plant and animal species. For example, mountainous regions may experience cooler temperatures and have different soil compositions compared to low-lying areas.

3. Soil Composition

Soil composition includes the proportions of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, and various nutrients present in the soil. Different types of soil can support different types of vegetation and affect the availability of resources for organisms.

4. Water Availability

The availability of water in an environment is a critical factor that influences the types of organisms that can survive in a particular area. It also affects the overall productivity of ecosystems.

5. Biotic Factors

Biotic factors include the presence of other living organisms in an ecosystem. Interactions between species, such as competition for resources or predation, play a significant role in shaping the environment.

6. Human Impact

Human activities, such as urbanization, deforestation, and pollution, can have significant impacts on environmental factors and ecosystems. Understanding these anthropogenic influences is crucial for addressing environmental challenges.