Reflection and Refraction

• Reflection: When light bounces off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
• Refraction: When light passes from one medium to another, it changes speed and direction. This is governed by Snell's Law, which relates the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the two mediums.

Types of Mirrors

• Concave Mirror: A mirror with a surface that curves inward. It can produce real or virtual, upright or inverted images, depending on the object's position relative to the mirror.
• Convex Mirror: A mirror with a surface that curves outward. It always produces virtual, upright, and smaller images.

Types of Lenses

• Converging Lens (Convex Lens): Thicker in the middle and causes parallel light rays to converge to a focal point. It can produce real or virtual, upright or inverted images, depending on the object's position relative to the lens.
• Diverging Lens (Concave Lens): Thinner in the middle and causes parallel light rays to diverge. It always produces virtual, upright, and smaller images.

Image Formation

• Real Image: Formed when light rays actually converge at the image location. It can be projected onto a screen.
• Virtual Image: Formed when light rays appear to converge at the image location. It cannot be projected onto a screen.