Homo neanderthalensis

Homo neanderthalensis, also known as Neanderthals, were a species of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch. They are the closest extinct relatives of modern humans, sharing a common ancestor with Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a robust build, with a stocky and muscular frame suited for the harsh Ice Age environment. They had a prominent brow ridge, a large nose for warming and humidifying cold, dry air, and a distinctive cranial shape with a relatively low, elongated skull.

Behavior and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and foragers, using tools to hunt large game and gather plants. They lived in social groups and had complex societies, as evidenced by the presence of burial sites and the use of symbolic items such as jewelry and pigment for body decoration.

Extinction

The exact reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals are still debated among scientists. Possible factors include competition with modern humans, climate change, and the spread of diseases. It's likely that a combination of these factors contributed to their eventual disappearance.

Study Guide

• What are the physical characteristics of Neanderthals?
• Describe the behavioral traits and culture of Neanderthals.
• Discuss the potential reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals.
• Compare and contrast Neanderthals with modern humans in terms of physical and behavioral traits.
• Explain the significance of Neanderthal DNA in modern human populations.