Introduction to Physiology

• Definition of Physiology
• Branches of Physiology (e.g., Human Physiology, Animal Physiology, Plant Physiology)
• Importance of Physiology in Understanding Life Processes

Cell Physiology

• Structure and Function of Cell Organelles
• Cell Membrane Transport (e.g., Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport)
• Cellular Respiration and Energy Production
• Cellular Signaling and Communication

Systems Physiology

• Cardiovascular System (Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Circulation)
• Respiratory System (Lungs, Gas Exchange)
• Digestive System (Gastrointestinal Tract, Nutrient Absorption)
• Endocrine System (Hormones, Glands)
• Neurophysiology (Nervous System, Brain, Nerve Signaling)
• Renal Physiology (Kidneys, Urinary System)
• Reproductive Physiology

Integration of Physiological Systems

• Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
• Control Systems in the Body (e.g., Nervous System, Endocrine System)
• Regulation of Body Temperature
• Stress Responses and Adaptation

Applied Physiology

• Exercise Physiology
• Environmental Physiology
• Clinical Physiology (e.g., Pathophysiology, Disease Mechanisms)
• Physiological Basis of Drug Action

Research Methods in Physiology

• Experimental Design and Data Analysis
• Techniques for Studying Physiological Processes (e.g., Microscopy, Electrophysiology, Molecular Biology)
• Ethical Considerations in Physiological Research