Respiratory System

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The primary function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system can be divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. The lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli within the lungs.

Physiology of Breathing

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribcage to expand. This creates a negative pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and the elastic recoil of the lungs pushes air out.

Gas Exchange

In the alveoli, oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the bloodstream diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange of gases occurs due to differences in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

Respiratory Disorders

Common respiratory disorders include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and lung cancer. These conditions can significantly impact an individual's breathing and overall health.

Study Guide for the Respiratory System

1. What are the main components of the respiratory system?
2. Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation.
3. Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
4. Discuss the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in breathing.
5. Identify and describe common respiratory disorders.