Neanderthals

Neanderthals were a species of human that lived in Europe and parts of Asia from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relative, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans around 600,000 years ago.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a robust build, with a stocky, muscular body adapted for cold weather. They had a larger brain size than modern humans, and distinctive facial features including a prominent brow ridge and a larger, more projecting nose.

Lifestyle and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, using tools such as spears and hand axes to hunt game and prepare food. They lived in family groups and constructed simple shelters from wood and animal hides. They also created symbolic art and jewelry, indicating a level of cultural sophistication.

Extinction

The reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals are still debated, but factors such as climate change, competition with modern humans, and possible interbreeding with modern humans are thought to have played a role in their disappearance.

Study Guide

1. What were the physical characteristics of Neanderthals?
2. Describe the lifestyle and culture of Neanderthals.
3. What are the debated reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals?

For further reading and research, you may want to explore topics such as Neanderthal DNA, their interactions with modern humans, and the ongoing scientific discoveries related to this fascinating human species.