Ovaries

Ovaries are the paired female reproductive organs that are responsible for producing eggs and female sex hormones. They are located in the lower abdomen, on either side of the uterus.

Structure of the Ovary

• The outer layer of the ovary is called the cortex, which contains the ovarian follicles.
• Ovarian follicles are small sacs that contain immature eggs, also known as ova or oocytes.
• The inner portion of the ovary is called the medulla, which contains blood vessels, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels.

Functions of the Ovary

The ovaries have two main functions:

1. Egg Production: The ovaries are responsible for the production and release of eggs, which are essential for reproduction.
2. Hormone Production: The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and other aspects of female health.

Role in the Menstrual Cycle

During the menstrual cycle, the ovaries undergo a series of changes:

1. Ovarian follicles mature and release an egg during ovulation.
2. If the egg is fertilized, the ovaries continue to produce hormones to support pregnancy.
3. If the egg is not fertilized, the hormone levels decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining (menstruation).

Common Ovarian Disorders

Some common disorders that can affect the ovaries include:

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
• Ovarian Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can develop within the ovary.
• Ovarian Cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the ovary.

Understanding the structure and function of the ovaries is essential for comprehending the reproductive system and female health. Mastery of this topic will provide a strong foundation for further learning in biology and human anatomy.