Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. They are derived from a fungus called Acremonium, and are structurally related to penicillin. Cephalosporins work by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis of bacteria, ultimately leading to their death.

History

Cephalosporins were first discovered in the 1940s by Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu. They were originally isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium, which gave them their name. Since then, several generations of cephalosporins have been developed, each with improved spectrum of activity and resistance to bacterial enzymes.

Generations

Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to bacterial enzymes.

First Generation

• Coverage: Effective against gram-positive bacteria
• Examples: Cefazolin, Cephalexin

Second Generation

• Coverage: Broader spectrum, including some gram-negative bacteria
• Examples: Cefuroxime, Cefaclor

Third Generation

• Coverage: Even broader spectrum, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Examples: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime

Fourth Generation

• Coverage: Extended spectrum and increased resistance to bacterial enzymes
• Examples: Cefepime

Uses

Cephalosporins are commonly used to treat a variety of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and certain types of meningitis. They are also used as prophylaxis in surgical procedures to prevent postoperative infections.

Side Effects

Like any medication, cephalosporins can cause side effects. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions. It's important to consult a healthcare professional if any side effects are experienced.

Study Guide

1. What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
2. Who first discovered cephalosporins and when?
3. List the generations of cephalosporins and provide examples for each.
4. What are the common uses of cephalosporins?
5. What are the potential side effects of cephalosporins?