Ferns

Ferns are a group of non-flowering plants that reproduce via spores. They are found in various habitats, from tropical rainforests to temperate woodlands. Ferns have a unique life cycle and are known for their feathery leaves, called fronds.

Life Cycle of Ferns

Ferns undergo a distinct life cycle that involves two generations: the sporophyte and the gametophyte. The sporophyte is the familiar fern plant that we see, while the gametophyte is a small, independent plant that grows from a spore.

Sporophyte Stage

The sporophyte stage begins when a spore germinates and grows into a mature fern plant. The mature sporophyte produces spores in structures called sporangia, usually found on the underside of the fronds. When mature, the sporangia release spores into the environment.

Gametophyte Stage

When a spore lands in a suitable environment, it germinates and grows into a small, heart-shaped gametophyte. The gametophyte produces both male and female reproductive structures. Sperm from the male structure swim to the female structure and fertilization occurs, forming a new sporophyte.

Study Guide

1. What are the two generations in the life cycle of ferns?
2. Where are spores produced in a fern plant?
3. Describe the appearance of a gametophyte in ferns.
4. How does fertilization occur in ferns?
5. Where are sporangia usually found on a fern plant?