Neanderthals

Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relatives, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans. The study of Neanderthals provides valuable insights into human evolution, culture, and behavior.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals were well adapted to the cold climates of the Pleistocene era. They had a robust build, with a stocky, muscular body and shorter limbs. Their skull was elongated with a prominent brow ridge and a large nose, which helped warm and moisten the cold, dry air they encountered in their environment.

Behavior and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, using tools made of stone, wood, and bone. They lived in small family groups and had complex social structures. Evidence suggests that they cared for their sick and buried their dead, which indicates a level of compassion and symbolic thinking.

Genetic Relationship with Modern Humans

Genetic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with early modern humans, as evidenced by the presence of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of non-African modern populations. This interbreeding has left a lasting impact on the genetic diversity of modern humans.

Extinction

The reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals are still debated among scientists. Factors such as climate change, competition with modern humans, and potential diseases have been proposed as contributing factors to their demise.

Study Guide

1. What were the physical characteristics of Neanderthals?
2. Describe the behavior and culture of Neanderthals.
3. What is the genetic relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans?
4. Discuss the potential reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals.

Use this study guide to research and explore the fascinating world of Neanderthals, and gain a deeper understanding of human evolution and prehistory.