Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an essential element for human health and is found in many common compounds, such as table salt (sodium chloride) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Atomic number: 11
• Symbol: Na
• State at room temperature: Solid
• Melting point: 97.79°C
• Boiling point: 882.9°C
• Density: 0.97 grams per cubic centimeter
• Reactivity: Highly reactive, especially with water

Occurrence and Uses

Sodium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, but it is never found in its pure form due to its high reactivity. It is commonly found in compounds such as sodium chloride (table salt) and sodium carbonate. Sodium has numerous industrial and commercial uses, including the production of chemicals, glass, soaps, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.

Biological Importance

Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health and is involved in many physiological processes, including nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. It is obtained through the diet, primarily from table salt and other sodium-containing compounds. However, excessive sodium intake can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

Study Guide

To study sodium, it is important to understand its physical and chemical properties, its occurrence in nature, its uses in industry, and its biological importance. Here are some key points to focus on:

1. Describe the physical and chemical properties of sodium, including its melting point, boiling point, and reactivity.
2. Explain where sodium is found in nature and its abundance in the Earth's crust.
3. Discuss the industrial and commercial uses of sodium, and how it is obtained from its compounds.
4. Examine the biological importance of sodium, including its role in nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
5. Explore the potential health effects of excessive sodium intake and ways to maintain a balanced diet.

By understanding these key points, you will have a comprehensive knowledge of the element sodium and its significance in both the natural world and human health.