Structure of Mitochondria

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure. The outer membrane is smooth while the inner membrane is highly folded, forming structures called cristae. The space inside the inner membrane is known as the mitochondrial matrix. The presence of these membranes allows for compartmentalization of different cellular processes within the organelle.

Function of Mitochondria

The primary function of mitochondria is to generate ATP through a process called cellular respiration. This involves the breakdown of sugars and fats to produce energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria also play a role in regulating cellular metabolism, calcium signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondria contain their own genetic material in the form of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This DNA encodes for a small number of genes that are essential for the organelle's function. The presence of mtDNA is believed to be a remnant of the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, which are thought to have originated from an endosymbiotic relationship with ancestral prokaryotic cells.