Neanderthals

Neanderthals were a species of archaic humans who lived in Europe and parts of western Asia from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They are an important part of human evolutionary history and have been the subject of extensive study and research.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals were robustly built with a stocky, muscular body, and shorter limbs compared to modern humans. They had a large, elongated skull with a distinct brow ridge and a prominent nose. Their physical features were adapted to the cold climate of the Ice Age.

Culture and Technology

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, using tools made from stone, bone, and wood. They lived in shelters such as caves and constructed simple clothing from animal hides. Evidence suggests that they had a complex social structure and may have engaged in symbolic behavior and art.

Relationship to Modern Humans

Research indicates that Neanderthals interbred with early modern humans, as evidenced by genetic studies that show traces of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of non-African populations today. This suggests that Neanderthals and early humans coexisted and interacted in various ways.

Extinction

It is still a topic of debate among scientists as to what exactly caused the extinction of Neanderthals. Theories range from climate change to competition with modern humans and potential diseases. Nonetheless, their disappearance marked the end of a distinct human lineage.

Study Guide

1. Describe the physical characteristics of Neanderthals and how they were adapted to their environment.
2. Explain the tools and technology used by Neanderthals for hunting and daily life.
3. Discuss the evidence for interactions between Neanderthals and early modern humans.
4. Debate the possible reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals and present supporting evidence for your argument.
5. Compare and contrast the cultural and technological achievements of Neanderthals with those of early modern humans.

Understanding the story of Neanderthals provides valuable insights into human evolution and the diversity of our ancient ancestors.