Homos neanderthalensis

Homos neanderthalensis, also known as Neanderthals, were a species of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relatives, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans around 600,000 years ago.

Physical Features

Neanderthals had a robust build with a stocky, muscular body adapted to cold climates. They had a large nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air, as well as a prominent brow ridge and a large brain size, similar to that of modern humans.

Tools and Technology

Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers and used a variety of tools including hand axes, scrapers, and spears. They also used fire for cooking, warmth, and protection, showing evidence of complex planning and organization.

Social Structure

Evidence suggests that Neanderthals lived in small family groups and cared for their sick and elderly. They had their own culture and may have had symbolic thought and the ability for complex language, although this is still a topic of debate among scientists.

Extinction

Neanderthals went extinct around 40,000 years ago, possibly due to a combination of factors including climate change, competition with modern humans, and other environmental pressures.

Study Guide for Homo neanderthalensis

1. What are the physical features of Neanderthals?
2. How did Neanderthals use tools and technology?
3. What is known about the social structure of Neanderthals?
4. What are some possible reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals?