Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that reproduce and disperse via spores. They are commonly known as ferns and are the second largest group of land plants after angiosperms (flowering plants).

Characteristics of Pteridophytes

• Vascular Tissue: Pteridophytes have well-developed vascular tissue for the transport of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.
• Spore Reproduction: They reproduce through spores, which are produced in sporangia located on the underside of their fronds.
• Roots, Stems, and Leaves: Pteridophytes have true roots, stems, and leaves, although the stems may be underground (rhizomes) in some species.
• Alternation of Generations: They exhibit alternation of generations, with a dominant sporophyte phase and a reduced gametophyte phase.

Examples of Pteridophytes

Some familiar examples of pteridophytes include:

1. Ferns: There are approximately 10,560 species of ferns, making them the most diverse group of pteridophytes. Examples include the Boston fern, maidenhair fern, and staghorn fern.
2. Horsetails: Horsetails, also known as scouring rushes, are another group of pteridophytes. They have hollow, jointed stems and are commonly found in wet environments.
3. Clubmosses: Clubmosses are small, moss-like plants that belong to the Lycophyta group of pteridophytes. They have creeping or upright stems and scale-like leaves.

Ecological Importance

Pteridophytes play a crucial role in the environment. They help stabilize soil, provide habitat and food for wildlife, and contribute to the water cycle through transpiration.

Study Guide

Here are some key points to remember when studying pteridophytes:

1. What are the defining characteristics of pteridophytes?
2. How do pteridophytes reproduce and disperse?
3. Identify and describe the main groups of pteridophytes.
4. Discuss the ecological importance of pteridophytes in their natural habitats.