Neanderthals: An Introduction

Neanderthals are an extinct species of humans that lived in Europe and parts of Asia from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They are closely related to modern humans, sharing a common ancestor with Homo sapiens. Neanderthals are known for their robust build, large brains, and distinct culture.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a stocky, muscular build and were well adapted to cold climates. They had a larger brain size than modern humans and had a prominent brow ridge, a large nose, and a distinctively shaped skull. Their bodies were well suited for hunting and surviving in harsh environments.

Culture and Tools

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, using a variety of tools and weapons made from stone, wood, and bone. They also used fire for cooking and warmth, and evidence suggests that they may have had symbolic and ritualistic behaviors, such as burying their dead.

Interaction with Modern Humans

There is evidence to suggest that Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted in some regions, and there may have been limited interbreeding between the two groups. This has led to some genetic overlap between Neanderthals and modern humans, with many people of non-African descent carrying small amounts of Neanderthal DNA.

Extinction

It is still unclear what caused the extinction of the Neanderthals, but factors such as climate change, competition with modern humans, and other environmental pressures may have played a role in their decline.

Study Guide

1. What are some physical characteristics of Neanderthals?
2. What kind of tools did Neanderthals use?
3. How did Neanderthals interact with modern humans?
4. What are some possible reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals?
5. What evidence suggests that Neanderthals may have had symbolic behaviors?

Understanding the history and characteristics of Neanderthals can provide valuable insights into the evolution of humans and our prehistoric relatives. It also highlights the importance of adaptation and survival in different environments.