Neanderthals

Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relative, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans. Neanderthals are well known for their robust build, heavy brow ridges, and their use of tools and fire. They adapted to a wide range of environments, from the cold climates of Ice Age Europe to the more temperate regions of the Middle East and Central Asia.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a distinct physical appearance, with a stocky build, short limbs, and a larger brain size compared to modern humans. They had broad, thick skulls with a prominent brow ridge and a large, projecting nose. Their body shape was well-suited for conserving heat in colder climates.

Tools and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers and used a variety of stone tools for hunting, butchering, and woodworking. They also used fire for cooking, warmth, and tool production. Evidence suggests that they had complex social structures and cared for their sick and elderly.

Extinction

The reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals are still debated among scientists. Some theories include competition with modern humans, climate change, or a combination of factors. The exact relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans is also a topic of ongoing research, with evidence of interbreeding between the two groups.

Study Guide

1. What were the physical characteristics of Neanderthals?
2. How did Neanderthals use tools and fire?
3. What are some theories about the extinction of Neanderthals?
4. What evidence suggests a relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans?

Studying Neanderthals provides insight into human evolution and the diversity of ancient human cultures. It also raises questions about the nature of our own species and the complex interactions between different human groups throughout prehistory.