Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins, and like penicillins, they work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.

Mechanism of Action

Cephalosporins exert their antibacterial effects by disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. They bind to and inhibit the enzymes involved in the final stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, leading to the weakening of the cell wall and ultimately bacterial cell death.

Classification

Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases. There are currently five generations of cephalosporins, each with varying antibacterial properties and clinical uses.

First Generation Cephalosporins

Cefazolin
Cephalexin

Second Generation Cephalosporins

Cefuroxime
Cefaclor

Third Generation Cephalosporins

Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

Cefepime

Fifth Generation Cephalosporins

Ceftaroline

Clinical Uses

Cephalosporins are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and certain types of meningitis. The choice of cephalosporin and its generation is based on the specific type of infection and the susceptibility of the causative bacteria.

Adverse Effects

Common adverse effects of cephalosporins include gastrointestinal disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions, and potential cross-reactivity with penicillins in patients with penicillin allergies. Some cephalosporins may also have a disulfiram-like effect when combined with alcohol, leading to nausea, vomiting, and headache.