Catalysts

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. In other words, it speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.

Types of Catalysts

There are two main types of catalysts: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.

1. Homogeneous Catalysts: These catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants. For example, a dissolved metal complex in a reaction solution.
2. Heterogeneous Catalysts: These catalysts are in a different phase from the reactants. For example, a solid catalyst in a gaseous or liquid reaction mixture.

How Catalysts Work

Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. This allows the reactant molecules to more easily overcome the energy barrier and undergo the desired chemical transformation.

Examples of Catalysts

Some common catalysts include:

• Enzymes in biological systems
• Platinum in catalytic converters for automobiles
• Iron in the Haber process for ammonia synthesis

Study Guide

Here are some key points to remember about catalysts:

1. Define what a catalyst is and explain its role in a chemical reaction.
2. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
3. Describe how catalysts work to lower the activation energy of a reaction.
4. Provide examples of common catalysts and their applications.

Understanding the role and function of catalysts is important in the study of chemistry and can have practical applications in various industrial processes.