Aztec Civilization

The Aztec civilization was a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztecs were known for their advanced agricultural practices, intricate social structure, and rich mythology.

Geography

The heart of the Aztec civilization was the Valley of Mexico, a highland plateau surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. The capital city, Tenochtitlan, was built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, connected to the mainland by causeways. This strategic location allowed the Aztecs to control trade routes and access resources from all over Mesoamerica.

Society and Culture

The Aztec society was organized into a strict hierarchy with the emperor at the top, followed by nobles, priests, warriors, commoners, and slaves. They had a complex system of tribute and taxation, and a powerful military that expanded their empire through conquest. The Aztecs were also known for their elaborate religious rituals, including human sacrifice to appease their gods.

Science and Technology

The Aztecs made significant advancements in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. They built floating gardens called chinampas to grow crops on the lake, and created a complex system of canals and causeways for transportation and irrigation. They also developed a sophisticated calendar system and made important contributions to the field of herbal medicine.

Decline and Conquest

Despite their achievements, the Aztec civilization met a tragic end when Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernan Cortes, arrived in the early 16th century. The superior weaponry, diseases, and alliances with rival indigenous groups led to the downfall of the Aztec empire. Tenochtitlan was conquered in 1521, marking the end of the Aztec civilization.

Study Guide

1. Describe the geographical location of the Aztec civilization and its significance.
2. Discuss the social structure and hierarchy of the Aztec society.
3. Explain the religious beliefs and rituals of the Aztecs, including the practice of human sacrifice.
4. Identify the scientific and technological advancements of the Aztecs, such as their agricultural innovations and calendar system.
5. Analyze the factors that led to the decline and conquest of the Aztec civilization by the Spanish.

Use the information above to create a timeline of key events in the history of the Aztec civilization, and consider the lasting impact of their culture on modern-day Mexico.