Neanderthals

Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relatives, and their DNA is present in some modern populations.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a robust build, with a stocky and muscular stature. They had a larger brain size compared to modern humans, and their prominent brow ridges and wide noses are distinctive features.

Behavior and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and used tools such as spears, scrapers, and hand axes. They also used fire for cooking and warmth, and evidence suggests they may have had some form of symbolic expression and burial rituals.

Interactions with Modern Humans

There is evidence of some interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans, as seen in the DNA of non-African populations today. This suggests that there was some level of interaction and overlap between the two groups.

Extinction

The reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals are still a subject of debate among scientists. Possible factors include competition with modern humans, environmental changes, and other complex interactions.

Study Guide

Here are some key points to remember when studying Neanderthals:

• Neanderthals were an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans.
• They had a robust build and distinctive physical features.
• Neanderthals were skilled hunters and tool users.
• Evidence suggests some level of interaction and interbreeding with modern humans.
• The reasons for their extinction are still debated.

Remember to review the physical characteristics, behaviors, interactions with modern humans, and theories about their extinction to gain a comprehensive understanding of Neanderthals.