Pulsars

A pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles. The radiation is observed as pulses of light when the beam of emission is pointing towards the Earth, much like a lighthouse beam. Pulsars were first discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish.

Characteristics of Pulsars

Neutron Stars: Pulsars are a type of neutron star, which is the collapsed core of a massive star after a supernova explosion.
Rotation: Pulsars rotate rapidly, with some completing hundreds of rotations per second.
Magnetic Field: Pulsars have extremely strong magnetic fields, trillions of times stronger than Earth's magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Pulsars emit electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Pulsed Emission: The radiation from pulsars is observed as regular pulses due to the rotation of the neutron star.

Formation of Pulsars

Pulsars are formed when the core of a massive star undergoes a supernova explosion and collapses into a neutron star. The conservation of angular momentum causes the neutron star to rotate rapidly, and the compression of the core leads to the generation of an intense magnetic field.

Study Guide

To understand pulsars better, consider studying the following topics:

Neutron Stars: Learn about the properties and formation of neutron stars, which are the progenitors of pulsars.
Supernovae: Explore the processes involved in supernova explosions and their role in creating neutron stars.
Magnetic Fields: Understand the nature of magnetic fields and how they influence the behavior of pulsars.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Study the different types of electromagnetic radiation emitted by pulsars and their detection methods.
Pulsar Astronomy: Explore the role of pulsars in astronomy and their significance in understanding the universe.

By delving into these topics, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of pulsars and their place in the cosmos.

◂Science Worksheets and Study Guides Eighth Grade. Chemical reactions

Vocabulary/Answer key

Chemical reactions

Vocabulary/Answer key

Chemical reactions

The resources above cover the following skills:

Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.

Conservation of Matter: Provide evidence to support the fact that the idea of atoms explains conservation of matter.

Cite evidence from investigations that the total mass of a system remains the same throughout a chemical reaction because the number of atoms of each element remains the same.

Give reasons to justify the statement, 'If the number of atoms stays the same no matter how the same atoms are rearranged, then their total mass stays the same.'

Physical and Chemical Changes: Provide evidence to support the fact that common substances have the ability to change into new substances.

Investigate and describe the occurrence of chemical reactions using the following evidence: Color change; Formation of a precipitate or gas; Release of heat or light.

Use evidence from observations to identify and describe factors that influence reaction rates: Change in temperature; Acidity.

Identify the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction given a symbolic equation, a word equation, or a description of the reaction.

Provide data from investigations to support the fact that energy is transformed during chemical reactions.