Inca Civilization

The Inca Civilization was a pre-Columbian civilization that thrived in the Andean region of South America from the early 13th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and it was known for its advanced infrastructure, including roads, architecture, and agricultural terraces.

Key Facts about the Inca Civilization

• Location: The Inca Empire was located in the Andean region of South America, covering parts of modern-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.
• Capital: The capital city of the Inca Empire was Cusco, which was considered the political and cultural center of the empire.
• Language: The official language of the Inca Empire was Quechua, which is still spoken by indigenous people in the Andean region today.
• Religion: The Inca people practiced a polytheistic religion, worshipping a variety of gods and nature spirits.
• Social Structure: The Inca society was hierarchical, with the emperor at the top, followed by the nobility, priests, and common people. The society was organized into ayllus, or extended family groups, which played a crucial role in the economy and governance.

Achievements of the Inca Civilization

The Inca Civilization is known for its impressive achievements in various areas, including:

• Architecture: The Inca people were skilled architects and builders, known for their finely crafted stone structures, including the famous Machu Picchu, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Engineering: The Inca Empire had an extensive road network, which facilitated communication and transportation across the vast empire.
• Agriculture: The Inca people developed advanced agricultural techniques, such as terracing and irrigation, which allowed them to grow crops in the mountainous terrain.
• Art and Crafts: The Inca civilization produced intricate textiles, pottery, and metalwork, showcasing their artistic skills and craftsmanship.

Decline of the Inca Civilization

The Inca Empire met its downfall with the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the empire in the 16th century. The introduction of European diseases, warfare, and forced labor under Spanish colonial rule led to a sharp decline in the Inca population and culture.

Study Guide Questions

1. Where was the capital of the Inca Empire located?
2. What language was spoken as the official language of the Inca Empire?
3. What were some of the achievements of the Inca Civilization?
4. What factors contributed to the decline of the Inca Empire?