Homo neanderthalensis

Homo neanderthalensis, also known as Neanderthals, were a species of archaic humans that lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are our closest extinct human relatives, sharing a common ancestor with modern humans (Homo sapiens) about 500,000 years ago.

Physical Characteristics

Neanderthals had a robust build with a stocky, muscular body adapted for cold climates. They had a larger brain size compared to modern humans, with a distinctive brow ridge, and a prominent nose. Their body was well-suited for hunting and survival in Ice Age environments.

Behavior and Culture

Neanderthals were skilled hunters and toolmakers, using stone tools and hunting large game such as mammoths and bison. They lived in small family groups and had complex social structures. Evidence suggests that they had symbolic behavior, burying their dead and creating art and jewelry.

Genetic Interactions with Modern Humans

Genetic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with early modern humans, as evidenced by the presence of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of non-African populations today. This suggests that there was some level of interaction and interbreeding between the two species.

Extinction

It is still debated among scientists what caused the extinction of Neanderthals. Factors such as climate change, competition with modern humans, and other environmental pressures may have contributed to their eventual demise.