Axons

An axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. Axons are essential for transmitting information from one neuron to another, as well as to non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands.

Structure of an Axon

At the cellular level, an axon is covered by a membrane known as the axolemma. The axon is also insulated by a myelin sheath, which is formed by specialized cells called Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. The myelin sheath serves to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon.

Function of Axons

Axons carry electrical signals, known as action potentials, from the neuron's cell body to the axon terminals, where they can then transmit the signal to target cells such as other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells. This process forms the basis of communication within the nervous system.

Study Guide

1. What is the function of an axon in a neuron?
2. Describe the structure of an axon and the role of the myelin sheath.
3. How do axons transmit information within the nervous system?
4. Compare and contrast the function of axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

By understanding the structure and function of axons, we can gain insights into how the nervous system operates and communicates with the rest of the body.