Fertilization

Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell and an egg cell (or ovum) fuse to form a single cell called a zygote. This process is essential for sexual reproduction in plants and animals.

Process of Fertilization:

Release of the Egg: In females, an egg is released from the ovary and moves into the fallopian tube.
Travel of Sperm: Sperm are deposited into the female reproductive system and travel through the cervix and into the fallopian tube.
Fusion of Sperm and Egg: When a sperm reaches the egg, it penetrates the egg's outer layer and fuses with the egg, forming a zygote.
Formation of Zygote: The zygote contains genetic material from both the sperm and the egg, and it begins to divide and develop into an embryo.

Factors Affecting Fertilization:

Ovulation: Fertilization can only occur when an egg is released during ovulation.
Sperm Count and Motility: The number and movement of sperm can affect the likelihood of fertilization.
Fertility of Egg: The health and viability of the egg can impact fertilization.
Reproductive Disorders: Issues such as endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome can affect the fertilization process.

Study Guide:

Here are some key points to remember about fertilization:

Define fertilization and its importance in sexual reproduction.
Describe the process of fertilization, including the release of the egg, travel of sperm, fusion of sperm and egg, and formation of the zygote.
Explain the factors that can affect fertilization, such as ovulation, sperm count and motility, and reproductive disorders.
Discuss the significance of fertilization in the context of human and plant reproduction.

Understanding the process of fertilization is crucial for comprehending the basics of sexual reproduction in living organisms.