The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban societies. It existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India.
Key Features
Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were carefully planned with well-organized streets and a sophisticated drainage system.
Trade and Economy: The civilization had a thriving economy based on trade, with evidence of commerce with Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt.
Technology and Craftsmanship: The people of the Indus Valley were skilled in metallurgy, pottery, and had a system of standardized weights and measures.
Writing System: The civilization had a script that is yet to be fully deciphered, known as the Indus script, which was used in seals and other artifacts.
Decline and Legacy
The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE for reasons that are still debated among historians. Possible factors include ecologicalchanges, natural disasters, or invasion.
The legacy of the civilization can be seen in its contributions to urban planning, technology, and trade, which have had a lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent.
Energy - A. Energy is involved in all physical and chemical processes. It is conserved, and can be transformed from one form to another and into work. At the atomic and nuclear levels energy is not continuous but exists in discrete amounts. Energy and mass are related through Einstein's equation E=mc 2 . B. The properties of atomic nuclei are responsible for energy-related phenomena such as radioactivity, fission and fusion. C. Changes in entropy and energy that accompany chemical reactions influence reaction paths. Chemical reactions result in the release or absorption of energy. D. The theory of electromagnetism explains that electricity and magnetism are closely related. Electric charges are the source of electric fields. Moving charges generate magnetic fields. E. Waves are the propagation of a disturbance. They transport energy and momentum but do not transport matter.
Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.