Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It occurs between non-metal elements and is characterized by the formation of molecules.
Key Concepts
- Electron Sharing: In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to attain a stable electron configuration. Each atom contributes one or more electrons to the shared pair.
- Types of Covalent Bonds: Covalent bonds can be classified as single, double, or triple bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared between the atoms.
- Electronegativity: The difference in electronegativity between atoms determines the polarity of the covalent bond. Nonpolar covalent bonds have similar electronegativities, while polar covalent bonds have different electronegativities.
- Molecular Shapes: The arrangement of atoms in covalent molecules can be predicted using VSEPR theory, which considers the repulsion between electron pairs to determine molecular geometry.
- Properties of Covalent Compounds: Covalent compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. They are also poor conductors of electricity in the solid and liquid states.
Study Guide
To master the concept of covalent bonding, consider focusing on the following areas:
- Understanding the concept of electron sharing and how it leads to the formation of covalent bonds.
- Exploring the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds and how electronegativity influences bond polarity.
- Practicing drawing Lewis structures for covalent molecules and understanding the octet rule.
- Applying VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry of covalent compounds.
- Understanding the physical properties of covalent compounds and how they differ from ionic compounds.
By mastering these key concepts and engaging in regular practice, you can develop a strong understanding of covalent bonding and its applications in chemistry.
.◂Chemistry Worksheets and Study Guides High School. The Science of Chemistry
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The Science of Chemistry 
Worksheet/Answer key
The Science of Chemistry Worksheet/Answer key
The Science of Chemistry
Worksheet/Answer keyWorksheet/Answer keyThe resources above cover the following skills:
Nature of Science
The Practice of Science - A: Scientific inquiry is a multifaceted activity; The processes of science include the formulation of scientifically investigable questions, construction of investigations into those questions, the collection of appropriate data, the evaluation of the meaning of those data, and the communication of this evaluation. B: The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of ''the scientific method.'' C: Scientific argumentation is a necessary part of scientific inquiry and plays an important role in the generation and validation of scientific knowledge. D: Scientific knowledge is based on observation and inference; it is important to recognize that these are very different things. Not only does science require creativity in its methods and processes, but also in its questions and explanations.
Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, and do the following:
Use tools to gather, analyze, and interpret data (this includes the use of measurement in metric and other systems, and also the generation and interpretation of graphical representations of data, including data tables and graphs)