Structure of the Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct layers:1. Zona glomerulosa: This outermost layer produces mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, which regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.2. Zona fasciculata: The middle layer synthesizes glucocorticoids, including cortisol, which play a key role in metabolism, immune function, and stress response.3. Zona reticularis: This innermost layer produces androgens, which are precursors to male and female sex hormones.

Functions of the Adrenal Cortex Hormones

1. Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone): Regulate electrolyte balance by increasing the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys.2. Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): Influence metabolism, suppress the immune system, and help the body respond to stress.3. Androgens: Contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics and play a role in sexual function.

Regulation of Adrenal Cortex Hormone Production

The production of hormones in the adrenal cortex is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. When the body experiences stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then triggers the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol.

Common Disorders Related to the Adrenal Cortex

1. Hyperaldosteronism: Excessive production of aldosterone, leading to high blood pressure and low potassium levels.2. Cushing's syndrome: Resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, leading to weight gain, high blood pressure, and other symptoms.3. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease):.