The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It is often referred to as the "master gland" because it plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions by producing and secreting hormones that target other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis).

Anterior Pituitary

The anterior pituitary produces and releases several hormones including:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Growth hormone (GH) - stimulates growth and cell reproduction
Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) - regulate the reproductive system

Posterior Pituitary

The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:

Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - regulates water balance by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine production

Study Guide

Here are some key points to remember when studying the pituitary gland:

Location of the pituitary gland in the brain
Functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones
Regulation of hormone production by the hypothalamus
Effects of pituitary hormone imbalances
Feedback mechanisms that control pituitary hormone secretion

Understanding the pituitary gland and its hormones is important for comprehending endocrine system function and the regulation of various physiological processes in the body.