Neurons and Nerve Impulses

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They have a cell body, dendrites (which receive signals), and an axon (which transmits signals). Nerve impulses, or action potentials, are electrical signals that travel along the axon.

Nerve Conduction

Nerve conduction involves the propagation of action potentials along the length of the neuron. This process relies on the opening and closing of ion channels, particularly sodium and potassium channels, which create changes in the membrane potential.

Synaptic Transmission

At synapses, neurons communicate with each other through the release and reception of neurotransmitters. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to the generation of a new action potential.

Sensory and Motor Systems

Neurophysiology also encompasses the study of sensory systems, including vision, hearing, touch, and taste, as well as motor systems, which control movement and coordination.