Volcanism is the process through which magma, gases, and ash are expelled from the Earth's crust onto the surface, often resulting in the formation of volcanic landforms.
Volcanic eruptions can vary in intensity and can be explosive or effusive. Factors that influence the type of eruption include the composition of the magma, the amount of dissolved gases, and the presence of water.
Volcanic activity can lead to the formation of various landforms, including volcanic mountains, lava plateaus, volcanic islands, and volcanic craters.
To understand volcanism, scientists study the composition of volcanic rocks, monitor seismic activity, measure gas emissions, and use remote sensing techniques to study volcanic landforms from afar.