Key Concepts in Neurophysiology

1. Neurons: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They transmit electrical signals and communicate with each other through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
2. Neurotransmission: Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons communicate with each other. When an electrical signal reaches the end of a neuron (the axon terminal), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, the small gap between neurons. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the next neuron, continuing the signal.
3. Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS further divides into the somatic nervous system (responsible for voluntary movements) and the autonomic nervous system (regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion).
4. Action Potential: An action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It is the means by which neurons transmit signals over long distances.
5. Synaptic Transmission: Synaptic transmission refers to the process of communication between neurons at the synapse. It involves the release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron.

Study Guide

1. Neuron Structure and Function

• Describe the structure of a neuron and its function in transmitting electrical signals.
• Explain the role of dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals in neuron function.

2. Action Potential

• Define action potential and explain the process of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization during an action potential.
• Discuss the importance of myelin in the propagation of action potentials.

3. Neurotransmission

• Describe the process of neurotransmission, including the release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters.
• Explain the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission and their effects on the postsynaptic neuron.

4. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

• Differentiate between the CNS and PNS in terms of their structures and functions.
• Discuss the subdivisions of the PNS and their respective roles in the body.

5. Autonomic Nervous System

• Explain the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
• Discuss the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating physiological processes such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.