Ocean

An ocean is a large body of saline water that occupies much of Earth's surface. It is a vital part of the planet's hydrosphere and is essential to life on Earth.

Ocean Features

• Basin: The ocean floor is divided into deep ocean basins, which are the lowest areas of the Earth's crust.
• Continental Shelf: The shallow, submerged edge of a continent, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope.
• Mid-Ocean Ridge: Underwater mountain ranges that run along the ocean floor, created by the movement of tectonic plates.
• Trench: Deep, narrow depressions in the ocean floor, typically formed at convergent plate boundaries.

Ocean Zones

The ocean can be divided into different zones based on depth and sunlight penetration:

1. Epipelagic Zone: The top layer of the ocean where there is sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.
2. Mesopelagic Zone: Also known as the twilight zone, it is dimly lit and extends from the epipelagic zone to about 1,000 meters deep.
3. Bathypelagic Zone: A dark, cold region of the ocean found between 1,000 and 4,000 meters deep.
4. Abyssopelagic Zone: The pitch-black zone that extends from 4,000 meters to the ocean floor, characterized by high pressure and near-freezing temperatures.

Ocean Currents

Ocean currents are continuous, directed movements of seawater generated by forces such as wind, the Coriolis effect, and differences in water density.

Study Guide Questions

1. What are the major features of the ocean floor?
2. Describe the different ocean zones and their characteristics.
3. Explain the factors that influence ocean currents.
4. How do oceans influence the Earth's climate?
5. Discuss the importance of oceans to the environment and human society.

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