Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's oldest urban civilizations, thriving around 2500 BCE in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It was a highly advanced and sophisticated ancient civilization that had a complex and organized urban layout, advanced architecture, and a thriving trade network.

Key Features of the Indus Valley Civilization:

• Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, were carefully planned with grid-like street patterns, advanced drainage systems, and well-organized public and private buildings.
• Trade and Economy: The civilization engaged in long-distance trade with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and other regions, exchanging goods such as pottery, beads, and precious stones. They were also skilled in agriculture, using advanced irrigation techniques.
• Technology and Artifacts: The Indus Valley people were skilled in metallurgy, pottery making, and bead production. They also developed a system of writing, known as the Indus script, which is yet to be fully deciphered.
• Social Organization: The society was likely organized in a hierarchical manner, with evidence of distinct social classes and a ruling elite.
• Decline: The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for reasons that are still debated among historians and archaeologists. Possible factors include environmental changes, invasions, or the drying up of the Saraswati River.

Study Guide:

1. What are the key features of the urban planning in the cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?
2. Describe the trade and economy of the Indus Valley Civilization, including their trade partners and exchanged goods.
3. Discuss the technological advancements and artifacts of the Indus Valley people, and their system of writing.
4. How was the society of the Indus Valley Civilization likely organized?
5. What are some possible reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Studying the Indus Valley Civilization provides valuable insights into the achievements and challenges of one of the ancient world's most advanced civilizations.

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