Galaxies

A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, dark matter, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark energy. Galaxies contain varying amounts of star systems, star clusters, and types of interstellar clouds.

Types of Galaxies

There are three main types of galaxies:

Spiral Galaxies: These galaxies have a flat, spinning disk with a central bulge surrounded by spiral arms. The Milky Way is an example of a spiral galaxy.
Elliptical Galaxies: These galaxies are ellipsoidal in shape and have no apparent structure. They are composed mainly of old stars and contain very little interstellar matter.
Irregular Galaxies: These galaxies do not fit into the spiral or elliptical categories and have irregular shapes. They often contain large amounts of interstellar matter and young stars.

Galactic Formation and Evolution

Galaxies are thought to have formed from the gravitational collapse of dense regions within the early universe. As galaxies evolve, they can interact and merge with other galaxies, leading to the formation of different types of galaxies and influencing their structures and properties.

Studying Galaxies

Galaxies can be studied through various methods, including:

Observational Astronomy: Using telescopes and other instruments to observe and analyze the light and other radiation emitted by galaxies.
Computer Simulations: Creating computer models to simulate the formation and evolution of galaxies based on known physical principles.
Cosmological Models: Developing theories and models to understand the large-scale structure and behavior of galaxies within the context of the universe as a whole.

Study Guide

When studying galaxies, it's important to understand the following key concepts:

The properties and characteristics of different types of galaxies.
The processes involved in the formation and evolution of galaxies.
The methods and technologies used to study galaxies.
The role of galaxies within the larger framework of the universe and cosmology.

Additionally, familiarizing yourself with prominent galaxies, such as the Milky Way, Andromeda, and the Magellanic Clouds, can provide valuable context for understanding the diversity and complexity of galactic systems.

Remember to engage with visual aids, such as images and diagrams of galaxies, to reinforce your understanding of their structures and features.

Good luck with your studies!

◂Biology Worksheets and Study Guides High School. Cell Reproduction

The resources above cover the following skills:

LIFE SCIENCE (NGSS)

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Students who demonstrate understanding can:

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Students who demonstrate understanding can:

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors.